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The Resistor

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 The Resistor Figur1 : The resistor in a circuit I didn’t understand the resistor in the beginning. It seemed like it didn’t do anything! It was just there, consuming power. But eventually, I learned that the resistor is extremely useful. You’ll see resistors everywhere. And as the name suggests, they resist the current. But you are probably wondering: “What do I use it for?” You use the resistor to control the voltages and the currents in your circuit. Figure 2 : You always need a resistor with the LED Let’s say you have a 9V battery and you want to turn on an LED. If you connect the battery directly to the LED, LOTS of currents will flow through the LED! Much more than the LED can handle. So the LED will become very hot and burn out after a short amount of time. But – if you put a resistor in series with the LED, you can control how much current is going through the LED. Figure 3 : A rectangle or a zigzag line is used as a symbol for the resistor   Example In Figure 4 you ca...
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The Capacitor

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 The Capacitor Figure 1 : Two capacitors (Non-polarized on left and polarized on right) You can think of a capacitor as a battery with very low capacity. You can charge and discharge it, just like a battery. The capacitor is often used to introduce a time-delay in a circuit. For example to blink a light (check out the example in the Integrated Circuit section). But it’s also useful for removing noise in an audio signal, or make the power supply of a circuit more stable. Capacitors come as polarized and non-polarized capacitors. The biggest difference is that with the polarized capacitor, you have a positive and a negative pin and you need to make sure to connect them correctly. You can connect non-polarized capacitors any way you want. So which one to choose? You never need your capacitor to be polarized. But for larger values, the capacitors are made with a material that makes them polarized. So, sometimes you don't have any choice but to use a polarized one. Figure 2 : Three diff...
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